What do we understand by the idea of a politica Essays - Politics

What do we comprehend by the possibility of a political framework'? How are distinctive political frameworks associated with the conventions of social logical idea? In any case, a political framework is a plan that makes up how the nation is run basically between the administration, the individuals and the economy. There are distinctive political frameworks that legislatures around the globe have received like Liberalism, which is the current political framework the USA uses and Communism, which China employments. In spite of the fact that, there are different customs of social logical idea like Conservatism, Anarchism, and Fascism that different pieces of the world use. The United States of America is one of the most remarkable nations of on the planet since world war two. They follow a liberal political framework. T here are two sorts of radicalism. One being Classical Liberalism and the other being Modern Liberalism. There are huge contrasts between the two in spite of the fact that they branch out from a similar kind of felt that an individual should appreciate most extreme conceivable opportunity reliable with a like opportunity for all yet in addition that they ought to be remunerated in accordance with their gifts and their ability to work CITATION And07 p 23 l 1033 (Heywood, 2007, p. 23) . The USA has inh erited present day radicalism where self-improvement is advanced with a certified underwriting for so cial and financial mediation and is portrayed without anyone else assurance, receptiveness, deb ate and incredible good push CITATION And07 l 1033 (Heywood, 2007) They have a particular arrangement of qualities and convictions in particular in the individual, equity, resilience, reason, and opportunity . At the point when dissidents talk about the independence in radicalism, it is essentially implied that the individuals are not described by their social gatherings, however are portrayed by their individual self and internal characteristics and independence. Radicalism fundamentally underpins singular opportunity. There is a craving for a general public where everybody is fit for coordinating to their own possible objectives in their own particular manner as long as it doesn't meddle with the freedom of others CITATION And07 l 1033 (Heywood, 2007) CITATION Jim05 l 1033 (Peron, 2005) . This opportunity in any case, is constrained to oneself. Nonconformists don't accept that these rights or such a benefit ought to be limited dependent on factors like a particula r class, race, sex, religion, shading, or social foundation. Their equity depends on most sorts of correspondence including the circulation of material r ewards and benefits in the public eye CITATION And07 l 1033 (Heywood, 2007) . One of different types of equity is lenience, or ready to acknowledge something despite the fact that you can't help contradicting it, and this is a critical characteristic to have in a general public where opportunity is everyone's correct. As all individuals were not brought into the world the equivalent, it isn't unprecedented that they will have various perspectives and thoughts from one another. Along these lines, as French author Voltaire stated, I loathe what you state however will guard to the passing your entitlement to state it CITATION And07 p 35 l 1033 (Heywood, 2007, p. 35) it sets up the principles on how individuals in the public eye should act with one another which is important to guarantee the soundness of the general public as some time CITATION And07 l 1033 (Heywood, 2007) . Disorder, in which they don't accept there is a requirement for any law or government, is one political belief system th at shows how progressivism is better for the individuals. John Locke, English rationalist and government official who was viewed as a key scholar of early progressivism, once said where there is no law, there is no opportunity. This is connected to the way that free people might need to misuse others and basically do whatever they please on the off chance that they wish to. As there is nobody to administer them, the individuals are in consistent danger since this opportunity' fundamentally gives them a permit to mishandle another . Limitation for individuals to not jeopardize the freedom of another I s required. That is the reason generally, dissidents accept that opportunity can just exist under the law since this sort of assurance must be given by a sovereign state CITATION And07 l 1033 (Heywood, 2007) . In any case, even with the idea that society needs an administration, dissidents are

article on ru 486 essays

article on ru 486 expositions Prophylactic Research*Picture: Feminist Majority Foundation* Notwithstanding its utilization in ending undesirable pregnancies, MIFEPRISTONE (in the past known as RU-486) likewise might be successful in treating a scope of genuine infections and ailments, a significant number of which especially influence ladies. However American clinical preliminaries for a large portion of these utilizations have ground to a halt because of hostile to premature birth legislative issues. A B O R T I O N Accessible to ladies in numerous nations (yet at present not in the U.S.), mifepristone (once in the past known as RU-486) is the first in another age of fruitfulness control specialists that can end an early pregnancy. Mifepristone works by obstructing the activity of progesterone, which is important to continue a pregnancy. Mifepristone, brought with a prostaglandin, has been utilized by over a large portion of a million ladies worldwide and has seen as protected and powerful as an early fetus removal technique during the initial nine weeks of a pregnancy. A lady can accept mifepristone when she realizes she is pregnant. Mifepristone is directed orally, is non-intrusive, requires no sedation, and bears less danger of contamination. Numerous ladies lean toward mifepristone in light of the fact that the methodology is progressively private and permits them more prominent mental control in closure a pregnancy. Regulated with a solitary portion of a misoprostol (a prostaglandin given as orally or as a vaginal suppository), mifepristone has been demonstrated to be profoundly viable in effectively ending pregnancy.[1] Studies additionally show that mifepristone is a protected, successful post-coital contraceptive.[2] [3] Preliminary shows appear, also, that mifepristone can go about as both a male and female preventative. [1] Spitz IM, et al. Early pregnancy end with mifepristone and misoprostol in the United States. New England J of Medicine, 4/30/98. [2] Baird DT, Dewar M, Glasier An et al. Mifepristone (RU486) contrasted and high-portion estrogen and progesto... <!

Arrow Electronics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bolt Electronics - Essay Example Zeus to military and aviation clients, wile, A/S and Anthem to mechanical clients. The two different gatherings were item determined and they are Gates/Arrow appropriating and selling essential PC frameworks, peripherals and programming, Capstone gadgets uninvolved segments. In all the gatherings Arrow/Schweber (A/S), the biggest of Arrow's working gatherings having more elevated levels of mechanical ability through specialized affirmation of its field salesmen (FSR). A/S activities were designed by branch, headed by General Manager incorporates Field deals and inside agents, items supervisors, field application architects and others. By and large six VP's directed A/S's 39 branch troughs. Bolt gadgets was a wide line appropriation of electronic parts including semiconductor and uninvolved segments, under the administration of Stephen Kaufman and arrived at the main situation among hardware wholesalers by 1992. The greater part of the dissemination organizations' overall going throug h combination stage and modest number of huge organizations catching the top level of the business sectors by 1997. Bolt's closest rivals in 1996 is Avnet Inc. having deals around 20% not as much as Arrow during the year. Different contenders of Arrow, are Future hardware, Pioneer standard, Wyle and Marshall Industries and all have just quarter size of Arrow in all out deals volume and earned not as much as Arrow's biggest working gathering. Bolt is making benefit and earned more than $6.5 billion in deals in 1996. This circumstance shows Arrow position is solid in the market having just a single veritable contender Avnet Inc. Making more worth. Fundamentally merchants like Arrow's relationship and reliance with providers are the other way around where both rely upon one another. In an electronic industry where top 10 providers controls 80% of items, A/S's providers list remembered 56 organizations for 1997 and developing. This shows A/S isn't exclusively subject to top providers or chose scarcely any providers however powerful administration of enormous number of providers isn't a simple activity and requires better systems administration which causes significant expense. A/S's biggest provider Altera, the maker of restrictive programmable rationale gadget (PLD's) supplies 80% of its items through two merchants equipped for offering some incentive included programming required by singular clients. Huge providers like Intel, Taxes instruments and Motorola are the other 3 of the large four providers for the A/S. Presently before breaking down A/S based on esteem supplier, we should initially comprehend what is esteem chain and how it work What is esteem: The worth chain is an arrangement of reliant as opposed to autonomous exercises. The manner in which one movement is performed as a rule affects the way different exercises and embraced. The capacity to facilitate the linkages upgrades the extent of reducing expenses or expanding separation. The initial step is to distinguish all the worth chain exercises that are applicable to the business. The worth chain must be characterized comprehensively enough to incorporate all the exercises that impact productivity. When organizations like Arrow's distinguishes how benefits are circulated over the business esteem chain, it has a superior thought of how to recreate the worth chain to improve execution. In fact new plans of action rise by goodness of their boss capacity to make and convey esteem. An organization can make a more grounded serious situation for itself on the worth chain by tending to significant issues like: How worth is being caught; The hole

The Real Hero of Titus Andronicus - Literature Essay Samples

I found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble -Augustus Caesar (63 BC 14 AD)In his essay, Titus Andronicus and the Mythos of Shakespeares Rome, Robert Miola uncovers and explores the myths Shakespeare uses as bedrock for the background and plot of his first Roman tragedy, Titus Andronicus. Most notably, Miola discusses two Ovidian myths, The Rape of Philomela and The Worlds Four Ages. The Rape provides Shakespeare with his basic characters and the events involving Lavinia, his Philomela, while Ovids fourth age of iron describes Shakespeares physical Rome, a quintessentially iron city, writes Miola, a military establishment protected by walls and filled with sword-carrying soldiers (Mythos 91). The ancient Roman myth of the God Saturn, who devoured his children to remain in power himself, must have been another story Shakespeare used to develop his Roman characters in Titus, Miola says. For obvious proof, he points to the name of the emperor, Saturninus, and the final gruesome banquet during which this emperor literally eats his stepsons. Miola also cites Virgils Aeneid as one of Shakespeares primary influences. Shakespeares Rome, like Virgils, Miola parallels, was constructed over time by the play of the poetic imagination on diverse materials (Mythos 95). Miolas discussion of the various sources Shakespeare brought together to create the Rome he illustrates in Titus is convincing. Thus, his final words on the subject, The eternal city [Rome] is made from an ephemeral medley of things Roman Any approach which seeks to fit Shakespeares Rome to a single bed does violence to the heterogeneity of the citys origins and character, are ones I respect. In this essay, I want to explore the human character Shakespeare gives Rome herself (V.iii.72) through his consistent personification of the city, and his simultaneous dehumanization, or characterization of his manifestly human characters. Rather than this being a singular interpretation, I th ink my reading directly supports the heterogeneity of the citys character of which Miola speaks.All the persons Shakespeare depicts in Titus are two dimensional, either good or bad. The dividing line falls between those who support Titus, the tragic warrior hero, and those on the side of Tamora, the evil Queen-empress. The former are noble and selfless, demonstrating roman pietas, while the latter are ignoble and selfish. In Jack E. Reeses essay, The Formalization of Horror in Titus Andronicus, he makes the point that Tamora and her sons allegorical dressing-up as Revenge, Murder, and Rapine can be viewed as a symbol of the characterization of the entire work (Horror 79). In this scene, they are as they are, the symbol is exactly the same as the person. The only two characters who might be said to escape the dichotomy are Titus and Aaron the Moor. In Rome, Titus sacrifices both his son and his daughter, says Miola, on the alter of his own personal honor (Family 67). It is fai r to say that personal honor is his concern in killing his offspring, for Mutius represents shameful filial disobedience (or mutiny) and Lavinia represents his inability to protect her and is a reminder of a shameful act done not only to her, but to her whole Andronici family too. It is also evident, however, that his true motivation was to act as selflessly as possible and that his pride and misguided zeal simply caused him to make several tragic errors (Horror 79). He kills his son to show he loves Rome more than his own blood. He kills his daughter so she might not live on in shame (V.iii.40), showing he loves her honor more than his desire to keep her alive. Likewise, Aaron maintains, unlike all the other parents in Titus, who do everything from selling their children for gold, to killing them for pride, to eating them at banquets, an insurmountable desire to preserve the life of his illegitimate son. Again, though, the possible complexity this wish implies is undermined w hen we examine his motivation, a selfish desire to make himself immortal and un-aging through the instrument of his son, This myself, the vigor and picture of my youth (IV.ii.107-8, italics mine).In fact, the only character that has a range of emotions worthy of a serious artful depiction of a human is not a human at all. It is the city, Rome herself. The adjectives Shakespeare uses to describe her cover the whole spectrum. Starting from the negative side: in Demetrius opinion, shes ambitious (I.i.132), later, Lucius finds her proud (III.i.289). At other times she is despising (IV.ii.113), ungrateful (IV.iii,17, IV.iii.33, V.i.12), and capable of being forlorn and desperate (V.iii.74). On the entirely other side, she has hope (IV.ii.13), she can be kind (I.i.165), and she can even reward her followers with love (I.i.82). Likewise, her way of dressing, like any person, varies to suit her mood, both decorative and practical, beautiful and sad. Sometimes, she wears the Gracious Lavinia as a rich ornament (I.i.52) on her glorious body (I.i.187). Then, at other times, she shows respect for her dead warriors by wearing mourning weeds (I.i.70). Rome is the only one who can reach across the spectrum of human emotion like this, from the devilish feeling of ingratitude to the saintly acts of being loving and kind.Now that Tituss central, most human personality has surfaced, we must ask after her development. What is this complex human-esque doing throughout the play? Although her name is repeated over and over to punctuate lines and lend authority, Rome debuts in the first act as headless (I.i.186). She remains so even after Saturninus becomes Emperor because he is not strong enough to lead, as is evidenced by Tamoras power to effect change in the state. In the second act, the manifestation of Romes awful dismemberment comes across in the loss of her senses of hearing and sight in relation to those she should be most concerned with: the Empress, the princes , and the princess when they are in the forest. The palace, the seat of Romes power, Shakespeare tells us is equipped with eyes and ears (II.i.128). But Rome is deaf and blind, she must be, she is headless, to the rapes and murders that occur. By the end of the second act, though, Romes dismemberment stops and continues only on the bodies of her inhabitants. Firstly, and most heinously, we find the mutilated and raped Lavinia. Having lost her tongue and hands, she perfectly complements and completes Romes own loss of the human senses. Where Rome has become deaf and blind, Lavinia has now lost taste and touch. A scene later, she represents the loss of the final sense, smell, in her meeting with her father, Titus, who compares her to a lily almost withered (III.i.113). In the next scene, Titus himself chops off his own hand. This is followed hard by the presentation of his two younger sons heads to him. The boys mimic Romes own current state of headlessness. Finally, the di smemberment carried out on her inhabitants pushes beyond Romes own compromised position. This happens when Titus slaughters Tamoras two sons and removes their blood, then grind[s] their bones to powder small and bake[s] their vile heads (V.ii.197-200). This final act of dismemberment is the most complete possible as it separates the boys bones from themselves over and over again until it is only a powder, the result of hundreds of detachments. In a perfectly balanced turn when this ultimate act of dismemberment occurs, Rome promises to become her full self once more. Marcus will teach the Romans to knit her broken limbs again into one body; Lest Rome herself be bane unto herself (V.iii.69-72). Her being bane unto herself does have a precedent too, for she displaced her own falling apart onto the bodies of the family most responsible for her continued strength, the Andronici, and the bodies of her own Empresss sons. Romes dynamic growth sets her apart from the plays real humans and establishes her as the true hero, who evolves from a state of being in scattered contradictory parts to being on the brink of wholeness and singular individuality. Where the people deteriorate, learning nothing but more hurtful revenge from their pain, the city improves, learning the value of unity from awful discord. Rome is the only figure with whom the audience can reasonably sympathize. She is the only dynamic and complex character, the only hero.Aaron the Moors final question, Ah, why should wrath be mute and fury dumb? (V.iii.183) is an oddly apt end to Titus Andronicus. This is because the answer to his rhetorical question is the moral of Shakespeares play. A body which is wrathful and furious is necessarily out of accord with itself, and so, of course, it does not possess the human ability that is reliant on the synchronized work of mouth, tongue, throat, and diaphragm. The city, Rome, is about to win that fine synchronicity when the play ends.All the literary ess ays Ive read on Titus Andronicus begin with somewhat comic defenses of the work, citing the seemingly blind criticisms of everyone from the seventeenth century Ravenscroft who said that Titus was incorrect and indigested rather a heap of rubbish than a structure (Waiths Intro 11) to the twentieth century T. S. Eliot who called Titus one of the stupidest and most uninspired plays ever written (Horror 82 footnote) to MacCallum who attributed it simply to Shakespeares pupilage and youth and refused to even categorize it as one of his Roman plays (Roman 177). It is understandable that so many essays start on this note for it provides the perfect platform on which to begin praising Shakespeares Titus Andronicus. This is because, if one has enjoyed the work, it seems obvious that these critics, resorting to such thick language as stupid were missing something. In my opinion, as I have outlined in my essay, these critics were unable to see the story as being about Rome, a person, whose faults, strengths and inner turmoil is examined through the course of the play. Accordingly, these limited readers read the faults they themselves suffered from onto Shakespeares work, thinking it was unstructured because they couldnt see the structure, uninspired because they were too uninspired to think of the plot in novel terms, and not even about Rome, probably simply because, they werent in Rome.Works CitedPrimary SourcesShakespeare, William. Titus Andronicus. Ed. Eugene M. Waith. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.Secondary SourcesMacCallum, M. W. Shakespeares Roman Plays and Their Background. London: MacMilland and Co., 1910.Miola, Robert. Rome and the Family, in Shakespeares Rome. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983.Miola, Robert. Titus Andronicus and the Mythos of Shakespeares Rome, in Shakespeare Studies, 14 (1981), 85-98.Reese, Jack E. The Formalization of Horror in Titus Andronicus, in Shakespeare Quarterly, 21 (1970), 77- 84.

Vaccination Is Necessary For Every Child - 1382 Words

We all know that the child at birth derives its immunity from natural immunity obtained from breast-feeding of breast milk, and This is the first phase of the immunity of the child, and then comes the second phase of the immune namely HIV and of immunization that define the immune system of the child the quality of virus or bacteria to the child s immune system to build antibodies for each vaccine viral or bacterial and thus build a line of defense for the body immune against sudden some viruses and bacteria and Jratimha injury. This vaccine is a debilitating viruses or bacteria debilitating been Shell pathological have the ability, and therefore easier to give to a child so that his immune system to build antibodies to certain diseases (such as measles - pertussis - diphtheria - Rubella - Alinkav- smallpox false - polio - TB - Hepatitis B). The vaccination is necessary for every child, in order to preserve his health, prevention is better than cure, where vaccination starts from the first day of the birth of the child and will continue until at least six years age, and must comply with the deadlines contained in the vaccination schedule accurately (Valttaam not just give the child prescribed a dose, but This must be done in a timely manner in order to ensure the achievement of the desired rate of vaccination). And to every mother to take the initiative to inform your doctor followers place him for any signs that may be suffered by the child before giving theShow MoreRelatedVaccinate or Not to Vaccinate939 Words   |  4 Pageseffects that are connected with vaccinations. Myths spread to parents all over the United States that the diseases don’t even exist anymore, rumors of vaccinations weakening a child’s immune system, and the risk of a child becoming autistic due to thimerisol in vaccinations. Side effects also scare parents out of getting their children vaccinated like brain damage, seizures, or allergic reactions, but then parents are pulled back to the thought of the possibility of their child catching a very serious lifeRead MoreVaccinations Should Be Mandated For Everyone1053 Words   |  5 PagesFor many years, there has been a controversy about whether or not vaccinations should be mandated for everyone. In the United States, many diseases such as polio, diphtheri a, measles, and whooping cough used to be extremely common, until vaccinations came around and started preventing these diseases. The main point for vaccines is to prepare a person’s immune system for any possible attack of a disease that comes in the future; a person’s body will be prepared to fight off the disease with the vaccineRead MoreVaccinations Should Be Mandatory For Children1633 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the years, there have been many serious diseases that plagued the world, a number of which have been eradicated through the widespread administration of vaccinations. In the 1950s, the number of polio cases in the United States was at 58,000, and in 1988, this disease had affected 350,000 people (11 Facts About Polio). Because polio mainly affects children under the age of five, it became very important to parents that something was done to cure and protect their children. When the polioRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines786 Words   |  4 Pages A b ig controversy among parents is vaccinations. Should children get vaccinated? Should parents have the right to choose if they vaccinate their children? Many people believe the risk factors of a vaccination outweigh the helping abilities. A few claims on why i find this invalid include the lives saved rather than the lives lost to vaccines, the future generations protected from outbreak, and the amount of each ingredients safety in the amount used. initially, The lives saved by vaccines heavilyRead MoreThe Epidemic Of The Smallpox Vaccine1085 Words   |  5 Pagesare considered preventable by vaccination: chicken pox, diphtheria, Haemohphilus Influenza type B, Hepatitis A and B, HPV, Influenza, Measles, Meningococcal Disease, Mumps, Pertussis, Pneumonia, Polio, Rotavirus, Rubella, Shingles, Smallpox, Tetanus, Yellow Fever, and STDs (Carter n.d.). The effectiveness of vaccinations continues to be proven (Malone and Hinaman n.d.). For example, after development of the measles vaccine and the implementation of the vaccination program, the number of reportedRead MoreThe Association Between Parent s Beliefs About Vaccines1262 Words   |  6 Pagesfor their children and vaccination coverage of children at aged 24 months. Method The method of selecting the sample was clearly defined and the sample size met the suggested guideline for minimum sample size. Data was collected using the National Immunization Survey (NIS) in two phases. Phase I, a telephone survey was conducted to identify households that have children aged 19-35 months, followed by Phase II, surveys were mailed to those children’s vaccination providers. Of the 17,313Read MorePolio And The Good Of The Many1507 Words   |  7 PagesPrograms†¦). Pertussis once claimed the lives of over 9,000 Americans every year. In the decade of the 2000s, it claimed only 181 lives. Just 50 years ago, Rubella caused the death or miscarriage of over 13,000 infants in this country. Another 20,000 were born blind, deaf, and/or mentally retarded. Tetanus, today in 2015, will kill 300,000 newborns and 30,000 mothers worldwide, mostly in developing counties. Yet virtually every Americans can remember their last tetanus booster shot, their last immunizatio nRead MoreA Parent Immunizations For A Child1270 Words   |  6 Pages As a parent immunizations for a child are always a big decision. Most parents decide to vaccinate their children without a second thought, while some struggle with if the positives outweigh the negatives, negatives sometimes being serious side effects, and sadly there are some parents that simply cannot afford to vaccinate their children or do not have the necessary resources. There are many communities worldwide that do not use immunizations, due to religious reasons or a lack of resources. Read MoreThe Anti Vaccination Epidemic Of Canada1489 Words   |  6 Pagesvalue to society if it is not communicated.† Unfortunately, we live in an age where misinformation allows the distortion of science for decidedly un-scientific purposes. There is no greater example of this phenomenon than the anti-vaccination epidemic. Childhood vaccinations for easily prevented diseases such as Diphtheria, Polio, Measles, Mum ps, Rubella, Meningococcal Disease, Pertussis, and Varicella, must be made mandatory for all Canadians attempting to enroll in public school or public day careRead MoreThe Debate Over Vaccinations for Adults and Children Essay1043 Words   |  5 Pagesimmunized, by not receiving vaccinations it is possible to be putting the public at risk for more diseases. It should not matter what the parents’ philosophical or religious views are. In my opinion vaccinations for all children and adults should be mandatory. Without vaccinations it is possible that we would keep infecting each other with different diseases, which any of these could cause many fatalities and a very unhealthy nation. The first thing about vaccinations that needs to be understood

The Mask of Hamlet Essay - 835 Words

The Mask of Hamlet When people put on a mask or costume it is usually because they are trying to hide themselves or portray a certain feeling to onlookers. In Shakespeares Hamlet, Hamlet puts on a antic disposition as a strategy to get closer to Claudius. Hamlet tells his friends this by saying (I,iv,170-173) how strange or odd someer I bear myself (As I perchance hereafter shall think meet to put an antic disposition on), That you, at such times seeing me, never shall, with arms encumbred thus, or this head-shake, or by pronouncing of some doubtful phrase, Hamlets strategy is successful at the beginning in that he is able to fool Ophilia, Gertrude, Polonius and Claudius but as the play proceeds Polonius and Claudius†¦show more content†¦Hamlet was able to find out that it was Claudius by setting up a trap for him involving a play. Unfortunately by this time Hamlet has lost his control and created a tragic error by acting on emotion, which in the end leads to his death. Those who Hamlet did not fool for long were Claudius and Polonius. There is proof of this when Claudius says (III;I;160-163)Was not like madness. Theres something in his soul Oer which his melancholy sits on brood, And I do doubt the hatch and the disclose will be some danger which for to prevent, Polonius shows his feelings of suspicion towards Hamlet by saying (II,ii,203) Though this be madness, yet there is method int. Claudius is scared of what Hamlet might do and says (III;I;185)Madness in great ones must not unwatched go. Among the people fooled were; Ophilia, Gertrude, Polonius, and Claudius. Ophilia being a past girlfriend of Hamlet, was completely surprised and remorseful for the loss of a great man. She realizes he is mad when he disobeys Ophilias wishes and goes to her house and speaks meanly and angrily to her. She tells her father Polonius about this when saying (II,I,77-82) With a look so piteous in purport as if he had been loosed out of hell to speak of horrors! he comes before me. She expresses her feelings for the lose of Hamlets noble attributes by saying (III,I,146-148) O, whatShow MoreRelated Hamlet: Masks We Wear Essay1101 Words   |  5 Pages Masks nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A mask is a covering worn on the face or something that disguises or conceals oneself. All the characters in Shakespeares Hamlet hide behind masks to cover up who they really are, which contridictes a main idea, expressed by the fool, Old Polonius, quot;To thine ownself be truequot; (Polonius - 1.3.84). All the characters share strengths and triumphs, flaws and downfalls. Instead of revealing their vulnerabilities, each of them wears a mask that conceals whoRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet1385 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s Hamlet is that of the gulf between what appears to be and what something is in reality: in other words, to distinguish between what is fake interpretation from what they truly are. There is a degree of deceit, lies, deception cloaked by a perception of honesty within the play; we will refer to this concept as â€Å"the mask.† The theme of perception vs reality is so woodenly interlaced into the play d ue to the idea that most of the central characters in the play hide behind the mask to concealRead MoreThe Theme of Appearance vs. Reality in William Shakespeares Works729 Words   |  3 Pages Characters within one of William Shakespeares greatest tragic plays, Hamlet, appear to be true and honest but in reality are infested with many falsehoods and deceptions. 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FourRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1221 Words   |  5 Pages Shakespeare’s Hamlet is the tale of a young prince determined to uncover the truth about his father’s recent death. Hamlet’s uncle (and also the deceased king’s brother), Claudius, marries his mother the queen, and therefore, takes the throne. In the beginning of the story, Hamlet is told by the apparition of his dead father that it was Claudius who in fact murdered him. The theme that remains consistent throughout the tragedy is appearance versus reality. 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APPEARANCE vs. REALITY IN THE PRINCE AND HAMLET One of the most fundamental questions in philosophy is the appearance vs. reality. We find ourselves asking the question of what is genuinely real, and what is viewed merely as just an appearance, and not real? It becomes difficult when we assume there is

Employees On Organizational Effectiveness -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Employees On Organizational Effectiveness? Answer: Introducaation Motivation is an important aspect at workplaces that is a fundamental component measuring human performance (Wong Laschinger, 2013). Techniques are required that motivate employees to enhance performance of employees. This helps in the fulfilment of organizational goals and gain global competitive advantage. management play an important role in motivating employees and enhance their self-esteem so that it helps to achieve organizational goals. A positive working environment is important for employees that motivate them to achieve action goals (Manzoor, 2012). Therefore, the following essay involves the critical appraisal of an article where the managers used motivation techniques to increase employee productivity by enhancing their efficiency and its strengths and weaknesses. The thesis statement for the article by authors Guclu and Guney (2017) is that effect of motivation techniques employed by managers increases employee productivity at workplaces. Efficiency keeps changing according to economic circumstances that have significant influence on human life. Talents, potential and hidden powers of people are acknowledging strengths that need to emerge. To be efficient and successful at work, people need to recognize their potentials and talents to utilize them at work. For this, motivation acts as an intrinsic factor that reveals the hidden potential and talents of people that can be utilized by managers at workplace in an efficient and influential manner (Bakker, Demerouti Lieke, 2012). The paper showed that motivation acts as a driving factor that evoke the talents and actual potential of employees at work and achieve success. The strength of this paper is that it employed motivation techniques that promoted efficiency of employees. The paper employed various tests to evaluate the effect of motivation on the employee productivity. The tests include Economic Tools, Psycho-social Tools and Organizational and Managerial Tools, Mann-Whitney Test which were used to evaluate efficiency of employees through motivation. The paper showed that practicing the motivation techniques would make the employees happy and enhance their willingness to work. It also helps in the successful completion of tasks that provide expected and targeted change in the business enterprises and workplaces. In the given article, Cronbachs Alpha of Scale was used thoroughly during the program that assessed the safety and validity analysis. Descriptive analysis was also done that was based on frequency range and percentage of demographic data was obtained from scale. The scores obtained were also ensured through Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro Wilks Significance level to resolve the normal variance and scores were also compared through the above tests. The paper also studied the behavior of the managers in motivating employees as it has both positive and negative influences. The weaknesses of the paper is that the motivation techniques were employed in a textile industry taking into consideration the type, gender and age of employees. The research study cannot be generalized to other employee population or workplace as it was specifically employed in an industry. The firms in the textile industry were chosen that were within the scope of the research answered to the description that employed more than 50 employees. The research contained questions for the employees working in the textile industry. However, the paper also highlighted the importance of manager-employee relationship that worked as an important factor for motivating them. According to Fiaz et al., (2017) for the successful operations performance, there should be establishment of positive relationship between the employers and employees. The article by Guclu and Guney (2017) identified the motivation techniques that can be employed by managers for the enhancement of organizational performance and productivity. For this, the question survey was prepared for the employees to determine their opinions regarding the motivation tools that are employed by managers in association with employee performance. The individual specifications were identified through questions in the first survey section aimed at learning the age, gender, assignment, educational status and experiences of the respondents of the survey. The questions were multiple-choice type used in the survey questionnaire. In the second part of the survey, the questions were designed in a manner where the employees opinions were recorded about the motivation tools. Three parts in the question section were prepared according to the five points Likert Scale. The population sample was too big and receiving information from them was not possible, so the authors selecte d a sample from the big population. Three medium-scaled firms and 229 people filled the questionnaire at the textile industry. SPSS 20 packaged software was used for the data analysis regarding the research aim of motivation techniques implemented by managers to measure the efficiency of textile industry workers. The data was validated through safety and validity analysis and frequency variance. The sampling method was appropriate where the authors did not consider a large population and rather focused on a small population that was easy to survey. In another study conducted by Fiaz et al. (2017), this sampling method was used to study the impact of leadership style in motivating employees. This small group was helpful as it represented all categories of the participants and chose the best sample for the study from the entire population. The research success of the paper by Guclu and Guney (2017) was that it presented the statistical data on the employment of psychosocial, economic and organizational tools among the participants. The motivation techniques were clearly used by the authors in enhancing the efficiency of the employees. The paper gave detailed results regarding the every aspect of employee and showed the importance of these variables in the motivation factor. In the results, it was clearly stated that employee performance is related to the workplace productivity. When employee performance is enhanced, they work towards the accomplishment of the organizational goals. The term of office and assignment status, provide an insight regarding the impact of motivation tools on employee leave, retention and assignment completion. Accounting to Cerasoli, Nicklin Ford, (2014) job satisfaction and salary factors play an important role in retention of employees and outcomes of organisational goals. The research hypothesis tested the differential effects on workers gender of psychosocial tools, economic tools, managerial and organizational tools from motivation techniques aiming to increase employee efficiency. The psychosocial tool showed that motivation level among the low-income segment was significantly high as compared to middle and high-income segment. It was also observed that managerial and organizational tools were also useful among the low segment people rather than middle and high-income segment of employees. This research study provided reliable information regarding the perception of employees about the motivation tools. It was seen that educational status affected the perceptions of employees regarding the motivation tools. The employees who had high education level was perceived a high amount of motivation as compared to employees with low level of education. Work experience and educational status is important for motivation, as employee would understand the techn ique well and affect their performance. According to Canrinus et al., (2012) participants who have more work experience and mean education is a result of self-efficacy that have an impact on the organizational behaviour. Another factor is the income group of the employees. In this, different motivation tools had an impact on the results of the study. As discussed earlier, the psychology tool was useful in influencing the low-income group as the psychosocial support provided by the workplace motivated them. In a similar manner, managerial and organization tools were also useful for motivating the employees. The managerial personality also plays an important role in the in motivating the employees. The managers who have a positive attitude towards motivating employees enhanced their efficiency at the textile industry. This shows that organizational behaviour plays an important role in motivating employees as positive working environment enhances employee retention as they feel motivated (Barrick, Mount Li, 2013). I think the research study clearly showed that motivation techniques enhanced employee efficiency and as a result, the organizational productivity. The managerial personal traits were also studied along with the perceptions of the employees regarding the motivation tools. When a manager motivates an employee in a positive manner, there inculcates a feeling of achievement in the employees to perform work and in recognizing their potential to perform a particular task (Grant, 2013). There is also possibility of further growth and achievement along with sense of responsibility and trust among the employees regarding their work performance. Managers have the potential to understand the personalities and individual hidden powers and therefore, they are the right person to make the employees motivated. In the similar manner, the study results showed that employees are motivated depending on the personal traits of the managers. Emotional stability, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness , customer service and optimism were the personality predictors that were identified by the study measuring the employee performance depending upon managerial performance (Taubman-Ben-Ari Yehiel, 2012). However, this was not included in the questionnaire and therefore, acted as a limitation of the study. The above discussion critically analysed the research study by Guclu and Guney (2017) regarding the motivation tools impact on the employee performance and productivity. The research study showed many results that helped to understand the association between income status and employee education regarding motivation. The future study regarding this research is that managers personality should be studied that can also be useful in motivating employees and enhancing their productivity and performance. References Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., Lieke, L. (2012). Work engagement, performance, and active learning: The role of conscientiousness.Journal of Vocational Behavior,80(2), 555-564. Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., Li, N. (2013). The theory of purposeful work behavior: The role of personality, higher-order goals, and job characteristics.Academy of management review,38(1), 132-153. Canrinus, E. T., Helms-Lorenz, M., Beijaard, D., Buitink, J., Hofman, A. (2012). Self-efficacy, job satisfaction, motivation and commitment: Exploring the relationships between indicators of teachers professional identity.European journal of psychology of education,27(1), 115-132. Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., Ford, M. T. (2014). Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis.Psychological bulletin,140(4), 980. Fiaz, M., Su, Q., Ikram, A. Saqib, A. 2017, "Leadership Styles And Employees Motivation: Perspective From An Emerging Economy",The Journal of Developing Areas,vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 143-156. Grant, A. M. (2013). Rocking the boat but keeping it steady: The role of emotion regulation in employee voice.Academy of Management Journal,56(6), 1703-1723. Guclu, H. and Guney, S., 2017. The Effect of the Motivation Techniques Used by Managers to Increase the Productivity of their Workers and an Application. Business Management Dynamics, 6(7), pp.01-08. Manzoor, Q. A. (2012). Impact of employees motivation on organizational effectiveness. Business management and strategy,3(1), 1. Taubman-Ben-Ari, O., Yehiel, D. (2012). Driving styles and their associations with personality and motivation.Accident Analysis Prevention,45, 416-422. Wong, C. A., Laschinger, H. K. (2013). Authentic leadership, performance, and job satisfaction: the mediating role of empowerment.Journal of advanced nursing,69(4), 947-959.

Parasitic Wasps Essays - Health, Nutrition, Biomolecules, Biology

Parasitic Wasps Malaria is one of the most prevalent and dangerous diseases known to man. It has existed for centuries and affects a myriad of people in the tropical region. Even today, with our newly discovered treatments for many of the tropical diseases, over 10% of the people that are infected with malaria each year and do not receive proper treatment die. In Africa alone, over 1 million children die each year because of malaria and new cases are reported frequently. Malaria is very dangerous and harmful to man. However, the protozoan that causes malaria has existed since man came into being. Fossils of mosquitoes that are 30 million years old contain the vector for malaria. After written history, many civilisations have known about malaria. The Greek physician Hippocrates described the symptoms of malaria in the 5th Century BC The name malaria is derived from the Italian words, mal and aria, meaning "bad air", because people of earlier times believed that the disease was caused by polluted air near swaps and wetlands in Europe. The scientific identification of malaria was not found until 1880. The French army physician, Charles Laveran, while stationed in Algeria, noticed strange shapes of red blood cells in certain patients and identified the disease scientifically and linked to a certain protozoan. Although the disease had been identified, it was not until 1897, when British army physician, Ronald Ross studied birds and discovered that the malarial protozoan was transmitted through mosquitoes. Soon after, two Italian scientists noted that mosquitoes spread malaria to humans as well. Many attempts have been made to try to eradicate the disease. As early as 7 AD, in Rome, swamps were drained to try to prevent the "bad air" from reaching nearby cities. Recently, in the 1950's and 1960's, about 25 years after the development of DDT, the United Nations World Health Organisation tried to wipe out the disease through the use of DDT. Although, the number of cases was reduces in many areas, they started again. Scientists today believe that malaria can never be eradicated due to the fact that the protozoan can manipulate easily and become resistant to a drug that is overused. The mosquitoes that spread malaria are also becoming resistant to insecticides. Malaria can be treated on an individual basis and treatments and medicines can be used. To understand these treatments however, one must understand what happens to a malarial protozoan. The disease, malaria, is cause by the protozoan, Plasmodium, which lives in tropical regions all around the world. There are only four species of this protozoan that cause malaria in humans, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium falciparum. These protozoans are spread from infected to healthy people through the bite of the Anopheles mosquito, blood transfusions, or through hypodermic injections. This makes malaria one of the most easily communicable diseases in the world. 1.Sporozoites in salivary gland. 2.Ocysts in stomach wall. 3.Male and female gametocytes. 4.Liver phase. 5.Release of merozoites from liver. These enter red cells where both sexual and asexual cycles continue. Malaria is spread only through the females of the 60 different types of the Anopheles mosquito, as the males do not feed on blood. The symptoms of this disease are many, however a physician must be consulted to avoid risk to a person. To treat malaria, many drugs are used today. Forms of these drugs date back to the 1500's and 1600's. Physicians diagnose malaria by identifying Plasmodia in a patient's body. Once identified, malaria can be treated with chloroquine and primaquine. Since some forms of Plasmodia falciparum have become resistant to these, quinine, mefloquine, or halofautrine are used. Almost all of the cases of malaria can be treated if done in the proper way. However, to suffer the pain and illness of malaria, people can use many preventive measures. All swampy areas must be avoided as well as tropical water that may be contaminated or local food. People should just protect themselves from mosquitoes and risk of infection will be tremendously lowered. This can be done by impregnated bednets. These involve surrounding the bed with a curtain that is sprayed with certain compounds. These are normally pyrethroids or organophosphates, which create an effective barrier between the mosquito and its blood meal. Alternative 'barrier' methods are insect repellents. These are certain chemicals that that when applied to the skin as a spray or lotion is quite effective at deterring the mosquito from landing on a person in order to feed. Other methods of controlling malaria are the use of insecticides and vaccines. Insecticides are chemicals such as

Free Essays on Teenage Curfew

Teenage Curfew Thomas Jefferson, one of the founders of this country, said that â€Å" Those who would sacrifice a little freedom for a little security will lose both and deserve neither.† We are not a socialist state, the desires of the many do not out weigh the rights of the few. The rights of all groups and all individuals no matter how small, poor, weak, or unpopular, are sacred. Those rights are sacred regardless of what the majority believes will increase public safety. That is one of the founding principles that this country is based on. The individual’s rights are sacred, they are beyond question, and they are most certainly beyond arbitrary time restrictions, set by intolerant politicians. The evidence that curfews have any effect on crime is non-existent, the claim that they reduce victimization does not stand up to the simplest logical test, and that is that most victimization of young people occurs in the home, not on the streets or in places of business. The Report in the January 2002, edition of the Western Criminology Review, states plainly and simply that curfews have no effect on juvenile crime. Why then are these laws still routinely being passed around the country? Why have several cities that have had their laws challenged successfully, immediately rewritten the law and passed it again? They are not effecting crime, they are not protecting young people from victimization, the answer has eluded me for some time. My theory at the moment is that curfews are not especially harmful, but they are not too helpful either. They appear to be another high profile gimmick designed to get votes rather then make neighborhoods safe. Sports, recreation and family oriented policies can better increase community safety without sacrificing the freedom in our society. Like so many laws in the United States today, curfew laws are weapons of cultural aggression against youth. They go right along with sk... Free Essays on Teenage Curfew Free Essays on Teenage Curfew Teenage Curfew Thomas Jefferson, one of the founders of this country, said that â€Å" Those who would sacrifice a little freedom for a little security will lose both and deserve neither.† We are not a socialist state, the desires of the many do not out weigh the rights of the few. The rights of all groups and all individuals no matter how small, poor, weak, or unpopular, are sacred. Those rights are sacred regardless of what the majority believes will increase public safety. That is one of the founding principles that this country is based on. The individual’s rights are sacred, they are beyond question, and they are most certainly beyond arbitrary time restrictions, set by intolerant politicians. The evidence that curfews have any effect on crime is non-existent, the claim that they reduce victimization does not stand up to the simplest logical test, and that is that most victimization of young people occurs in the home, not on the streets or in places of business. The Report in the January 2002, edition of the Western Criminology Review, states plainly and simply that curfews have no effect on juvenile crime. Why then are these laws still routinely being passed around the country? Why have several cities that have had their laws challenged successfully, immediately rewritten the law and passed it again? They are not effecting crime, they are not protecting young people from victimization, the answer has eluded me for some time. My theory at the moment is that curfews are not especially harmful, but they are not too helpful either. They appear to be another high profile gimmick designed to get votes rather then make neighborhoods safe. Sports, recreation and family oriented policies can better increase community safety without sacrificing the freedom in our society. Like so many laws in the United States today, curfew laws are weapons of cultural aggression against youth. They go right along with sk...

The Impact of Lobbying on Standard Setting in Accounting Essay - 1

The Impact of Lobbying on Standard Setting in Accounting - Essay Example Since these standards must be complied, under the pain of â€Å"penalties† or consequences, companies or entities subject to it are necessarily interested on how should the guidelines or rules of action be made. Standards just like any other laws could be favorable to one person or group but may be unfavorable to another person or group. Standard setting therefore implies a balancing act in terms of its effect among different interested individuals or groups. 2.1.1 What the institutions are involved in standard setting in accounting? Two institutions must come together to have the accounting standards set or financial reporting standards accomplish the latter’s purpose. These are the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). SEC was established was created first in 1934 by the U.S. Congress while FASB’s creation followed in 1973. While SEC is basically an independent regulatory agency which should afford or allow investors information or facts about their investment before buying and while holding the same (Securities and Exchange Commission, 2011. , FASB is an independent, private and not-for-profit organization and recognized authoritative by the SEC (Financial Accounting Standards Board, n.d.). While the first is a government agency which implements laws enacted by congress and the second a private and non-profit organization, both must be independent.

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 69

Case Study - Essay Example Today, the Company could be converted into a Public Limited Company where the public is allowed to invest in as a way of raising finances and also creating ownership. The Carrier Engineering Companys strength lied in the fact that it was a unique product penetrating the market. Beverage companies, Medical laboratories, households all use this product to regulate the temperature of their products or goods. Some products can only be used during hot seasons, and that is a major weakness. The product is in high demand during hot seasons thus providing an excellent opportunity. Another opportunity exists with companies that use coolers to manufacture or preserve their products. Fluctuation in weather poses as a major threat especially the cold season. The other threat back then was financial stability and clientele. With the current weather, the product is still much relevant in ensuring a "well-regulated environment"(Carrier, 2015). The cooler is also widely used by companies across the continent to enhance their products life. A cooler is also utilized in the manufacture of most of the products that we have in the market today such as laptops, and refrigerators. It is important to define your product. For Willis and the Carrier Company, a quality product is essential to getting referrals. It is also important to work with other companies that use coolers in the manufacturing process of their products. A good relationship with clients and an efficient customer service will ensure the company has an edge over other firms. A room for clients comment and feedback concerning the product is also important and consideration of the same. Willis carrier would need to make use of the balance sheet and the income statement of his company and that of his subsidiaries. The balance sheet will show him where his company stands at that particular point in time. The

Childhood Memories Image Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Childhood Memories Image - Essay Example In this picture, two children topless are playing on the river where they are joined by two water buffalo and its calf. Behind the buffalos, there is an old man with gray hair whom may be was with the children before the buffalo entered. Perhaps the children and the old man were cleaning themselves and washing the buffalos maybe after long hours working in the field as according to Viet Nam  culture. Water buffalo help peasant farmers lessen the burden of farm work as well as their significant property. The buffalo, one big and the other small maybe its calf splashes water to a great length along the river clearly showing they have just joined the children. The drops of water cover the background of the picture and almost obscure the older man’s face. One child seems to be touching the big buffalo with his left hand while the other enjoying as depicted by facial expression. The old man behind the cows is maybe waiving or raising his left hand a coincidence with the child tou ching the cow with the left hand. This picture was taken in the river or water pond. There seems good relationship between the two animals and the children. This leads to speculation that the animals belong to the children’s family as well as the old man who may be their grandfather. The presence of the boys and the buffalo in the river depicts different cultures in the world. Although people inherit various cultures, they have been interacting with different animals both kept domestically or esthetic. The Vietnamese people and the Asian have been domesticating water buffalo for both economic and aesthetic purposes. They form part of their agricultural civilization as well as cultural values. In fact, the boys, taking â€Å"shower† with the buffalos along the river with a grown-up man looking at the happening depict complete social, cultural inheritance.

vikings Essay example -- essays research papers

Vikings In Control They were fierce, heartless Barbarians who Seized and looted many European lands from the 800’s to 1000’s. They made their sneaky attacks at the crack of dawn killing anyone who came axe length away. Including innocent babies defenseless children of all ages, and helpless women. ( The Celebration Program) During their time, these people never called themselves â€Å"Vikings.† This name isn’t even meant to be the name or a group, but an activity. The base word vik was simply another name for a pirate. Therefore, to go a-viking meant to fight as a warrior. The Northmen, which is another name for Vikings, lived in small communities that were ruled by either a king or a chief. People were divided into three classes being noble, freeman, or slaves. The nobles were usually considered Kings because they were people who were wealthy. The freemen were farmers, merchants and people who served the ruler. Last, but not least slaves were Scandinavians whose ancestors had been enslaved. (The Celebration Program) Even though Vikings are addressed by one very large group, there are actually three kinds of Vikings. They are Norwegian, Swedish and Danish. The Norwegian Vikings were actually the group that began the raids in Lindisfarne in 793. They raided England, Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland. Because of Ireland’s fertile farms, rich churches and monasteries, it was a big target. Norwegian pirate chief Turgeis attacked Ireland from 839 ...

Explain and critically assess Weber’s conception of power

Introduction This essay explains and critically assesses Max Weber’s conception of power. In the current study Weber is identified as manifesting both the Hobbesian and Machiavellian proto-realist perspectives: in conceptualising power as fundamentally connected to implicit threat and coercive force. Hence the current study outlines the ways in which Weber’s notions of power hinge largely on the state’s coercive capabilities, examining various forms of social, political, and cultural violence therein. Further, the current study draws comparisons between Weber and Marx, looking at the similarities and distinction between the two thinkers: concluding that Weber has a different and more complex understanding of class divisions and power struggles than Marx did. The Many Faces of Power: Legitimate Domination and Willing Subjugation The renowned German sociologist Max Weber came to prominence in the latter half of the nineteenth century, a time in which the politico-economic theories of his precursor Karl Marx were beginning to take hold in Europe; when the â€Å"the spectre of Communism†, as the Communist Manifesto termed it, was â€Å"haunting† the continent (Marx and Engels, 2012, p.33). Moreover, this was a time of great social and political transformation in the West, whereupon the overall character of European polities had been drastically altered by waves of democratic fervour and revolutionary violence. The Revolutions of 1848, for instance, represented the single most concentrated outcrop of political upheaval in the history of European politics. â€Å"The 1848 revolutions†, says Micheline R. Ishay, â€Å"were a watershed. In the most industrialized countries, they broke the liberal-radical republican alliance against legitimist regimes and catalysed the formation of the most radic al human rights perspectives of the century† (2008, p.121). In a very significant sense, said revolutions were a movement against the established power structures of the era. This was a time of great liberal reform and technological change; the social and political apparatuses by which international relations were hitherto understood were being fundamentally transformed – as were theoretical conceptions of power. Although the 1848 Revolutions were mostly checked and curbed within a year of their outbreak, the underlying sentiment and intellectual kindling had not been extinguished. Instead, it fomented in various forms: one of which would lead eventually to the rise of Communism in the early twentieth century. With such conspicuous changes in the makeup of political relations during the nineteenth century, there came concurrent shifts in critical perspectives on how and why such changes occurred. Marx had upheld a perspective that prioritised historical materialism and the fundamental primacy of class struggle as defining political relations. Power, for Marx, concerned the power of those capitalist elites who owned the means of production to exploit the workers whose labour literally made production happen. Marx’s political philosophy was extremely widespread, known even to those who abjured it. For Marx, power also has much to do with class divisions: particularly between those who ow n the means of production, the bourgeoisie, and the workers, or proletariat, who exchange their labour value for wages. Power is thus manifested in the oppression of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie – for whom the social and political structures are geared to preserve the status quo, keeping the workers in a state of social, economic, and political subordination. Marx’s understanding of power, then, is concerned with large scale social and historical forces, particularly as they relate to material and industrial relations in determining power and overall socio-political mechanics. Weber, on the other hand, developed an approach that varied from the Marxian mould, stepping away from the perceived predominance of grand overarching forces in determining social and political relations. As a result, Weber also moved away from Marx’s theory of the strict bourgeoisie/proletariat duality as being the dominant paradigm in political economy. The latter class division was, for Marx, the principle animus for change in capitalist societies. As a consequence, Marx’s conception of power cannot be separated from his overall understanding of the relationship between capitalists and workers. For Weber, socio-economic divisions, and their relations to power, are far more complex than those posited by Marx. Weber understood class distinctions as deriving from more than just an inequality in property relations; instead, Weber posited that it was the unequal distribution of power that resulted in social dividing lines. Power for Weber was, again, more intricate and mu ltifaceted than the kind Marx had proposed. Weber states that power is â€Å"the chance of a man or of a number of men to realize their own will in a communal action even against the resistance of others who are participating in the action† (1968, p.926). Already we can see that Weber’s rendition of power is more abstract and open to interpretation that that of Marx. Further, Weber’s conception of power is similar to modern critical formulations of same; where â€Å"power†, at its most fundamental, â€Å"entails the capacity of one actor to make another actor do something which they would not otherwise do† (Haugaard, 2004, p.304). Most importantly, Weber’s definition is very broad; it allows for application in a number of contexts: social, economic, political, cultural, familial, sexual, interpersonal, and many others. Violence and Coercion: the Centrality of Force in Power Relations Weber’s conception of power is â€Å"inextricably connected to violence and coercion† (Kreisberg, 1992, p.39). Such violence is articulated though various social structures, from the microcosm of the family to the macrocosm of the state. Weber consequently sees â€Å"subjects as being on the receiving end of structures of power† (Whimster and Lash, 2006, p.22). The interactions between these discrete structures of power allow for varying degrees of control over the exercise of violence: where certain individuals or groups have access to or are denied the means to exert their will. For Weber, such means obtain to ideas of legitimacy. Hence, for Weber, the question of power relate to issues about: â€Å"who controls the means of violence; who enjoys a monopoly over economic resources; who controls the legitimate means of political power; and finally who has control over symbolic force† (Turner, 2002, p.215). Social action is thus enabled by control of distin ct fields of power. The more such fields of power can be channelled and consolidated, the more power that obtains. This can be seen very clearly, for example, in the state’s exclusive mandate on legal violence (via armed forces, police, prisons, and so forth). Hence Weber defines the state as â€Å"that agency within society which possesses the monopoly of legitimate violence† (cited in Wanek, 2013, p.12). Accordingly, in Weber’s view, the implicit threat of violence perpetually underwrites the state’s authority. Thus Weber’s position anticipates Mao Zedong’s famous declaration that â€Å"political power grows out of the barrel of a gun† (cited in Wardlaw, 1989, p.43). For Weber, then, coercive force is fundamental to power. Put simply, coercion equates to influence; and influence is power. National political power is therefore structured on implied coercive mechanisms. Hence Weber avers that â€Å"if no social institutions existed that knew the use of violence, then the ‘state’ would be eliminated† (cited in Wagner, 2002, p.120). So conceived, the state is in itself a form of coercive apparatus. Because the state monopolises legal violence, the state is the primary source of power as such. This means access to power is achieved via access to and control over the mechanisms of state. Power is thus manifested in the specific structures on which the social order is based. However, Weber does not believe that power is constituted in coercive force exclusively. Instead, a dynamic of obedience obtains between the ruling class and those ruled: in which the latter group willingly obey their political leaders. Here, Weber’s conce ption of power becomes more complex, delineating ideas of legitimate domination. As Weber perceives it, social conformity, or, as he puts it, â€Å"performance of the command†, may â€Å"have been motivated by the ruled’s own conviction of its propriety, or by his sense of duty, or by fear, or by ‘dull’ custom, or by a desire to obtain some benefit for himself† (1968, p.947). The dominated thus inadvertently cooperate in their domination. Hence we can see that Weber’s conceptualisation of power echoes a Hobbesian perspective, which stresses a central causality between a â€Å"sovereign† power and popular subjugation (Sreedhar, 2010, p.33). Furthermore, state power and interest are related to a conflictual paradigm where self-interest and the will to domination are taken as a given. Weber thus articulates a realist perspective. In addition, Weber’s notion of legitimate domination somewhat chimes with Gramscian hegemony, in that power is constituted and reconstituted in various complex sites, working overall to legitimise the status quo. As a result of this, Weber is distinct from Marx in two very important ways: firstly, he sees power as more abstract, subtle, and complex than Marx does; secondly, he sees power as deriving from many different types of social phenomena – not just class struggle. Following this logic, Weber also applies the same extended complexity to the concept of the origin s of power. Thus, for Weber, power comes from â€Å"three different sources†: â€Å"class (economic power), status (social power), and parties (political power)† (Levine, 2006, p.6). As we can see, then, Weber’s conception of power is based on coercion, force, domination, social structures, and a quasi-hegemonic socio-political structure that promotes and induces willing subjugation in the populace. Weber’s ideas are clearly more reflective of realist political theory than of Marxian idealism, which posits utopic notions of eventual global socialist harmony. This is not to say that Weber wholesale rejects the Marxian position, he does not; rather, he accommodates Marx’s economic arguments in his overall politico-economic model. Further, he expands upon and problematises them. As one would therefore expect, much like his conception of power, Weber’s conception of class is far more nuanced and open to interpretation than that of Marx. For Weber, class pertains to the numerous potential relations that may obtain in a given economic market. In particular, this relates to relationships that arise between an individual, or a group, as concerns a given market. This means that different kinds of economic distinctions will give rise to specific forms of class relation – not just a worker/capitalist polarity. Weber sees class as a social concept that encompasse s numerous iterations within an overall economic purview. Such iterations include professionals, landowners, bankers, financiers, and many others (Hamilton, 1991, p.182). In sum, then, Weber recognises numerous different kinds of class distinctions, each with their own complex sets of power relations. This heterogeneity, in turn, adds complexity to the overall function of power in its specific fields and sites of operation. For Weber, then, power relates to a multiform phenomenon. In treating of the economic dimensions of power, Weber observes that the â€Å"typical chance for a supply of goods, external living conditions, and personal life experiences† are fundamentally determined by â€Å"the amount and kind of power, or lack of such, to dispose of goods or skills† for the sake of â€Å"income in a given economic order† (1968, p.927). Hence Weber observes a clear causal continuum between economic and other kinds of power, where one can come to necessitate (or, at least, facilitate) the other. Where Weber significantly diverges from Marx is in his posited importance of the modes of power that function semi-independently of economic considerations. Specifically, Weber places much emphasis on social status. â€Å"For Weber, status groups are collectives of people with similar lifestyles, and they often overlap with economic class position† (Levine, 2006, p.6). In other words, the socially powerful tend to be located in economically powerful cohorts; at the same time, those without social power tend to be associated with non-economically powerful cohorts. This last assertion can seem very similar to the Marxian view, of the powerful bourgeoisie and non-powerful proletariat. However, the important distinction in Weber’s position is that affinities are drawn more primarily from social, not economic, similarities. Put simply, for Weber, two individuals or groups with similar social lives but different economic statuses could cohere nonetheless; their social alignment supersedes their economic misalignment. The economic distinction is not, for Weber, as integrally conflictual as it is for Marx. This is not to say the Weber does not see class as an important social factor; rather, it to say that, unlike Marx, Weber does not see class struggle as the defining characteristic of history and society. He does not therefore adopt Marx and Engel’s famous assertion that â€Å"all history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle† (2012, p.33). Hence, while Weber sees class as a significant variable in overall quality of life, in dictating one’s opportunities for advancement, for the acquisition of power, he does not identify a corollary primacy in class as catalysing social action and historical change. Friction between social forces – as embodied by class – is not the central source of social tension. This has to do with Weber’s complex and diverse view of class. Weber sees class as heterogeneous and thus not easily reducible to two opposing factions. Compared to Weber, Marx’s views of power and class are over ly reductive. Of the worker, Weber observes, his â€Å"interests† may â€Å"vary widely, according to whether he is constitutionally qualified for the task at hand to a high, to an average, or to a low degree†, meaning, in consequence, that â€Å"societal or even of communal action† from â€Å"a common class situation† is â€Å"by no means a universal phenomenon† (Weber, 1968, p. 929). In other words, the working class cannot simply be lumped together in a bloc group understood as sharing uniform priorities and ambitions. In many senses, that is, power moves beyond material and economic divisions; cannot be attributed to isolated causes and motivations. Conclusion In conclusion, Weber’s conception of power is much in keeping with that proffered by classical realists, where coercive force constitutes the primary hinge around which political power moves. By extension, other manifestations of power both derive legitimacy from, while at the same time reciprocally legitimating, the state: by functioning within its purview. Weber diverges from Marxian reductivism, rejecting the polarity of capitalist/worker class struggle and the primacy of historical materialism. Weber accordingly refutes Marx’s position that common class identity is sufficient to galvanise a homogenous intellectual action; he thus identifies many more lines of division between various social groups. For Weber, power is deeply related to social structures; indeed, power is seen to body forth though social structures, thereby keeping the popular masses in place. Interestingly, the power invested in said structures works, also, to instil a sense of obedience in the publ ic. The public therefore helps to perpetuate the status quo by conforming with, thus legitimating, the state’s exercise of coercive force. References Hamilton, P., 1991. Max Weber, Critical Assessments 2: Volume 2. London: Routledge. Haugaard, P., 2004. Power: A Reader. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Ishay, M. R., 2008. The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era. Berkley, CA: University of California Press. Levine, R. H., 2006. Social Class and Stratification: Classic Statements and Theoretical Debates. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield. Marx, K. & Engels, F., 2012. The Communist Manifesto: A Modern Edition. London: Verso. Sreedhar, S., 2010. Hobbes on Resistance: Defying the Leviathan. New York: Cambridge University Press. Turner, B. S., 2002. Max Weber: From History to Modernity. New York: Routledge. Wagner, H., 2002. War and the State: The Theory of International Politics. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. Wanek, A., 2013. The State and Its Enemies in Papua New Guinea. Richmond: Curzon Press. Wardlaw, G., 1989. Political Terrorism: Theory, Tactics and Counter-Measures. New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. Weber, M., 1968. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, New York: Bedminster Press. Whimster, S. & Lash, S., 2006. Max Weber, Rationality and Modernity. Oxon: Routledge.

World War II - Women and the Military

During World  War II, women served in many positions in direct support of military efforts. Military women were excluded from combat positions, but that didnt keep some from being in harms way—nurses in or near combat zones or on ships, for instance—and some were killed.​ Many women became nurses, or used their nursing expertise, in the war effort. Some became Red Cross nurses. Others served in military nursing units. About 74,000 women served in the American Army and Navy Nurse Corps in World War II. Women also served in other military branches, often in traditional womens work—secretarial duties or cleaning, for instance. Others took traditional mens jobs in non-combat work, to free more men for combat. Figures for Women Serving With the American Military in World War II Army - 140,000Navy - 100,000Marines - 23,000Coast Guard - 13,000Air Force - 1,000Army and Navy Nurse Corps - 74,000 More than 1,000 women served as pilots associated with the US Air Force in the WASP (Women Airforce Service Pilots) but were considered civil service workers, and werent recognized for their military service until the 1970s. Britain and the Soviet Union also used significant numbers of women pilots to support their air forces. Some Served in a Different Way As with every war, where there are military bases, there were also prostitutes. Honolulus sporting girls were an interesting case. After Pearl Harbor, some houses of prostitution—which were then located near the harbor—served as temporary hospitals, and many of the girls came to wherever they were needed to nurse the injured. Under martial law, 1942-1944, prostitutes enjoyed a fair amount of freedom in the city—more than theyd had before the war under civilian government. Near many military bases, reputed victory girls could be found, willing to engage in sex with military men without charge. Many were younger than 17. Military posters campaigning against venereal disease depicted these victory girls as a threat to the Allied military effort—an example of the old double standard, blaming the girls but not their male partners for the danger.